Photo Credit: Airbus SAS 2022/Herve Gousse

Airbus (Toulouse, France) has revealed that it is developing a hydrogen-powered fuel cell engine. The propulsion system is being considered as one of the potential solutions to equip its ZEROe zero-emission passenger aircraft that will enter service by 2035. 

Airbus will start ground and flight testing this fuel cell engine architecture onboard its ZEROe demonstrator aircraft towards the middle of the decade. The A380 MSN1 flight test aircraft for new hydrogen technologies is currently being modified to carry liquid hydrogen (LH₂) tanks and their associated distribution systems.

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“Fuel cells are a potential solution to help us achieve our zero-emission ambition and we are focused on developing and testing this technology to understand if it is feasible and viable for a 2035 entry-into-service of a zero-emission aircraft,” Glenn Llewellyn, vice president, zero-emission aircraft, Airbus, says. “At scale, and if the technology targets were achieved, fuel cell engines may be able to power a 100-passenger aircraft with a range of approximately 1,000 nautical miles. By continuing to invest in this technology we are giving ourselves additional options that will inform our decisions on the architecture of our future ZEROe aircraft, the development of which we intend to launch in the 2027-2028 timeframe.”

Airbus identified hydrogen as one of the most promising alternatives to power a zero-emission aircraft, because it emits no CO₂ when generated from renewable energy, with water being its most significant byproducts. 

Liquid hydrogen for zero-emissions aircraft

LH₂ refueling station rendering. Photo Credit: Airbus

LH₂ is another propulsion technology solution pushing forward Airbus’ goal of having a ZEROe aircraft enter into service by 2035. The company is working together with ArianeGroup SAS (Les Mureaux, France), a joint venture equally owned by Airbus and Safran (Paris, France), to build the first LH₂ refueling facility for ZEROe aircraft at Toulouse, Blagnac airport. The station will be operational in 2025. 

ArianeGroup will design, produce and support the operations of the liquid hydrogen fueling system necessary for Airbus’ ZEROe demonstrator as it embarks on its ground and flight test campaign.

Sabine Klauke, chief technology officer (CTO) of Airbus notes that there’s a need to “mature all of the required technologies in parallel” to prepare for the entry into service of zero-emissions aircraft by 2035. 

ArianeGroup is the prime contractor of Ariane launch vehicles, which have been propelled by liquid hydrogen for more than 40 years. 

See “Demonstrating composite LH₂ tanks for commercial aircraft” for more information related to composites use in LH₂ tanks.

There are two ways hydrogen can be used as a power source for aircraft propulsion. First via hydrogen combustion in a gas turbine; second, by using fuel cells to convert hydrogen into electricity in order to power a propeller engine. A hydrogen gas turbine can also be coupled with fuel cells instead of batteries in a hybrid-electric architecture.

Hydrogen fuel cells, especially when stacked together, increase their power output, enabling scalability. In addition, an engine powered by hydrogen fuel cells produces zero NOx emissions or contrails, thereby offering additional decarbonization benefits.

Airbus has been exploring the possibilities of fuel cell propulsion systems for aviation for some time. In October 2020, Airbus created Aerostack, a joint venture with ElringKlinger, a company with more than 20 years of experience as both a fuel cell systems and component supplier. In December 2020, Airbus presented its pod-concept which included six removable fuel cell propeller propulsion systems.